Art of treating liquid substances



C. R. MABEE.

ART 0F TREATING LIQUID SUBSTANCES.

APPLICATmN F1150 1uLY19. 1915.

1,420,646. Patented June 27, 1922.

3 sHEE'Ts-SHEET 1.

C. R. MABEE.

ART 0F TREATING LIQUID SUBSTANCES.

APPLICATION FILED IuLY I9. 1915.

1,420,646 Patend June 27, 1922.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

%'J. ma @a//mw I clnowaqo:

C. R. IVIABEE.

ART 0F TREATING LIQUID SUBSTANCES.

APPLICATION FILED .IULY I9, 1915.

III!!! CHARLES R.

MABEE, or ToLEno,

OHIO.

ART OF TREATING LIQUID SUBSTANCES.

Application filed July 19, 1915.

(dlt/17mm it may concern.'

Be it known that l. Guantes lt. Manm, a citizen ot' the lfnited States, residing at Toledo, in the county ot Lucas and State ot hio, have invented certain new and use'lul improvements in the ,krt ot 'l'reating Liquid Substances, ot which the following isa specii'ication, reference being had therein to the accompanyingl drawing.

The invention relates to the method oli treating tluids or subs ances `containinel lluid to change their consistemzy, more particularly by causing an eva|a ration ot the fluids.

Heretotore, there have been numerous evaporating systems and methods proposed, but as ar as now advised. the system which has been more largely employed. especiallyr in the milk industry. is that known as the vacuum system."y Huch a system entails the reduction ot' the atmospheric pressure on the material. requ' 'es a large amount ot water l'or condensing purposes. much time is required 'tor desired evaporation to proper condensation. and it is generally recognized as nea'iessitating an expensive equipment.

lit has also been the practice to treat substances to evaporate the liquid theretrom by placing the material in bulk or in mass in a heated container and to stir or agitate the r-.iaterial and cause it to alternatelyv move into contact ivith and away l'rom the heated surface. The action mayY be designated as the stir action. ln this type ot apparatus. Scrapers have been employed which remove the material bodily trom the surface toward the center.

All methods heretotorr-iy proposed. as Al'ar as l am noiv advised, are expensive and slow in operation, rthe present method is one. vvherein man v ot the objections Vfound in the prior practie are avoided. the material is treated verv rapidly; a very high temperature may be sately employed. the fluid or liquid is evaporated in whole or in part 'trom the.

lmaterial economicallj,v and ma)v he stated as Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented J une 27, 1922.

Serial No. 40,757.

comprehends also, the treatment of the sur- 'tace during the continuity of movement of the n'iaterial thereover, in a manner to prevent any substantial or detrimental interruption to heat transference or continued movement ot the material.

The invention may he further definitely characterized as one wherein a relatively shallow body of material in liquid form or material cimtaining a liquid, is maintained in a substantially concave t'orm, moved rapidly over a heated surface otl substantially circular section, while heilig subjected to the action ol centrifugal torce which maintains the substance in active proximity to the treating` sui-'tace and at the same time maintains a tree space into which the generated vapors or gases readily pass and escape.

In the hereinafter selected, illustrative method, reference is made to its employment in connection with milk, although in this particular it is to be understood that the invention is usel'ul tor evaporating fluid, either in Whole or in part, trom other substances. lvlilk is referred to in these specilications, not with a vievv of limitingl the use ot the invention, but more particularly with a view ol designating a special substance which requires delicate treatment and for which the use ol the invention is Well adapted.

ln Icarrying out the art or method, numerous Vtorms of apparatus may be employed, but tor the purpose ol these specifications,a an apparatus is shown and described which has been ascertained to be useful in demonstrating the utility ot' the method.

In the drawings:

Figure l is a longitudinal section taken through the apparatus, showing parts in elevation;

Figure Q is an end View looking 'from the lett olf Figure l;

Figure 3 is a cross section on the line Il-3 o'l Figure l;

l `igure 4; is a fragmentary section through a modilied `torni ot conveyor blade,

Figure 5 is a detailed :fragmentary vienT ot the outlet port. and,

liigures t and 7 are cross and longitudinal sect-ions respectively, ot a moditied form of apparatus.

lVith rc't'erence to the drawings, l-l designate suitable standards. adapted to support the stationary parts of the machine. 2

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tion. an impertorate treating cylinder is advantageous. and such a structure is illustrated in Figure Ll. wherein the treating cylinder wall 2 shown as in'ipertorate. it has also been ascertained that in many eases the appa atus can be used e'lteetiveiy vith the described brushes omitted, in which event the radial flanges ot the angle bars t'i may be carried in elose proximity to the treating surface. as shown in l-"igure 'l. ln this construction the angle bars eonstitute the conveyors.

In treating substances containing a large pereentage ot tluid. it has been a eertained that the vapors entering the unoeeupied space 'within the center ot the treating drum will readily escape through the end openings in whieh particular both olf the openings in the ends ot the apparatus may be lel't uneovered. Yl'ovJi-iyer. it is desirable to remove the f'apor, to a point somewhat remote 'trom the machine, and Ator that purpose the eondurtor pipe t5 is employed. and with a view ol projecting the Vapor through the pipe rapidly. any convenient lform o'l vapor propeller1 such as the tan 2l), may be used. rl`his tan may be mounted on a shalt Qi, supported in a depending braeket 2t and having its end passed through an opening in the eurved side wall olt the pipe (l. The end oi" the shalt 2l is provided with a small pulley 2lb whieh is belted to a drivingpulley Lt". keyed to the main shalt 9, as shown.

The machine ean be used and the proeess praetieed, as stated. by reinoiing the eap 'or the opening in the lett hand end plate. thus establishing a t'ree rireulation ol5 air throughout the machine. rllhe eurved delleeting plates l', i, within the maehine at the ends are use'lul in eonduetiug lo the brushes any material that may llow down the end 'aps or plates without `erial agitation.

lt will be observed that the interior ol" the machine is perl'eetly smooth. presenting no obstruetion to the tree movement ol the material. and this enables the material. esperially il milk is employed in the nuufhine. to move rapidly without impedance. By this means teaming is obviated and a disruption or hre; kingup o'l the lilm or layer is prevented. 'llhis is important in that it minimi es the danger olf the entrainmentot valuable constituents ot' the material and the passing thezeot out olf the inaehine with the vapors. lt will he observed also that the iipers whieh are shown in the l'orm otl brushesl in the present instaure. are employed as wipers as distinguished trom what known in the art as sei-apeis," the latter being employed to remoye the entire bulk ot' the material lrom the surtaee and deposit it at. ditlerent points Atree trom the surliare or proximity thereto. it has been asrertaimd that by the use oit the brushes or wipers a pertert .ontinuity olE action is n'niintuined. and a eonraved layer is lormed and projected over the sur'laee in substantial uniformity throughout the treatment. The sur'lare is thereby kept inA a polished eondition so that very rapid heat transference is seeured.

in Figures (l and T. there is shown a 'lorni ol' apparatus in longitudinal and cross seeion respertively. wherein the brushes or wipers ore omitted. 'in the purtimilar f-onstruetion. while designed tor the treatment oll rertain materials. as t'or instance tomatoes or other vegetables or -truit. brewers" slop and refuse trom manu'laeturing plants. the steam jarket whirl] is indicated at ift). has a .supply and exhaust 20". The interior o'li the rylindrieal drum is suljiplied with the material to be treated through the supply fil. having a eontrol valve Ql. The outlet tor the treated material is located diagonally opposite the inlet. as at and this` outlet mayy be supplied with a valve 222 il? desired. The eyliuder is provided with a closed head Q3 at one end and at the opposite end there is a head Ql. provided willi a nozzle Q31. whieh may he carried to any suitable point ol diseharge. urroui'iding the exhaust outlet. and serured to the head 23 is a delleeting flange the purpose ot whirh is to ilu-event the material 'trom entering the disrharge and 'for eondueting the same down the end to a point where the material will be raught up by the rapidly reyolving rarriers. .shalt 25 is extended through the machine. being suitably mounted in the heads and provided with a pulley or other merhanism tor driving the same. On the shaft at opposite ends are keyed spiders or arms wliieh earry :it their outer ends propelling or arrying blades 2G. These are conveniently ol l.. shape in Cross section. their radial portions or flanges extending in proximity to the walls ol the drinn. as shown in Figure T. The material introdiu'ed into the drinn is raught up by the Conveyors or carriers. projet-ted onto the wall in layer lormation and rapidly moved over the heated surtaee. The material gradually works its way to the vtar end ol2 the -ylinder and eseapes through the discharge 29. by whirh time it has been properly treated. By operating the valve 2l or valve lll the thiekuess ot the material ot the layer or film may be regulated and thus vary or regulate the degree ol courentration o'l the material.

Ot Course 't will be understood that as tar as the apparatus is rourerned. many widely dillerent forms may be employed.

.ln carrying out the method with the apparatus above described. substantially the following may be regarded as the procedure. Assuming the material being treated is milk, the same is Vted into the drum at one end he introduction ol material is regulated by of the same, without impedance or interruption, very pronounced centrifugal action taking place and a very rapid niovement of the deposit ocizurring, so that a constantly moving strata, layer or tilm olf material, varying according 'to the supply, will be maintained on and move rapidly over the treating surface and endwise toward the discharge.

ln practice, vit has been ascertained that in the treatment ot milk lor condensing purposes, a lilm or layer of material from approximately one-eighth to one-halt of an inch in thickness, may be very successfully employed, maintained. or built up, and with great exiiedition, While in vthe treatment ot certain other materials, the layer or film may he built up or increased in thickness from tivo to live inches, according to the density and consistency olf the material operated upon.

lt is also to be understood that the terms L"layer"7 and. lilm as used in these specilications and claims, are intended to deline a relatively shallow deposit oit material having, however` suliicient body to maintain under action its substantially uniform concaved or cylindrical formation.

The material is not allowed 'to settle in the treating drum or to leave the treating surface until the treatment has been completed, but on the contrary .is maintained under constant movement and outward forcible centrifugal pressure toward and rapidly moved over the surface. As the material con tinues in its gyratory or circular movement and the treatment or evaporation olf the liquid thereof continues, the vapors v[ind free access into the quiet Zone within the center ot the treating drum and readily escape through the end openings. The method by preference is continuous, the supply being maintained and the treated material being allowed to escape through the tangential opening l5. lthas been observed that the movement ot certain kinds ot material in a circular course over the heated surface is somewhat likened to a thin layer having a substantially smooth interior surface, as distinguished from a broken-up or roughened surface. During the operation oi the machine, the brushes or wipers referred to are by centrifugal torce carried out 'fard against the surface, thereby maintaining the same in proper p0- sition. The conveyors are arranged conveniently in suoli proximity to the surface ol the drum, either vwhen equipped With the brushes or otherwise termed, as to maintain the layer otliquid properly in proximity and cause the same to move rapidly over the fisurlace. 3y this rapid relative movement, a very high temperature can safely be employed, thus expediting the treatment and improving the product.

lhe hot gases, vapors or lighter substances generated by heat transference, being lighter than the liquid treated, `vill in part pass thereiirmn and in part, as l now understand it, be squeezed or forced through the material by the pressure created by the centrifugal it'orce, pass into the quiet zone at the center ot the treating drum or cylinder, from which they escape or may be drawn. lt has been observed, also that in treating certain materials, the action is accelerated somewhat by the introduction ot a treating material through the Wall oit the treating surface, the material being acted upon may be further inodi'lied or changed in its consistency and character, as lfor instance by the introduction of neutralizing and other agents such as a lime solun tion, (lue o't the important results acquired by the practice oil the method is that oit substantial elimination ol the usual loss of valuable constituents by eutrainment.

lllustrative of one olf the advantages ot the present method over the known and generally practiced vacuum pan system, it has been ascertained that material can be treated properly in approximately less than L one tenth oit the time usually employed in the old practice and at a very great saving ot labor and operative cost. lt has also been ascertained that the product oit this method is or" superior quality.

lt is to bei understood, above stated, that a larger volume ol.l liquid enters through the intake or supply valve than leaves through the outlet pipe, and thereilore the valve in the intake pipe .may be regulated in such a manner as to permit the product to pass through the outlet pipe only after it reaches its desired density. ln each instance, however, it Will be noted that the material is subjectedto uniform treatment throughout the operation.

The process is designated as the film or layer treatment, and as such can be einployed successfully 'lfor treating milk or other substances to change their conditions, as distinguished from the old process ot bulk7 treatment.

The apparatus may be very successfully used and the method practiced for the production Ot What is now known as talian paste", a material used lfor soup steelt. lt may also be used tor the recovery ot potash from the waste materials ot sugar mills. The apparatus can also be employed tor the treatment olf sewage.

The term relative rapid movement?7 herein employed has reference to a positive driven movement over r. heated sin-tace as distinguished 'trom a slow lagging movement when a rotary drinn is employed, such as illustrated in the patent to lli'luard Theisen o. "lhe term tree escape and similar terms herein employed ivith reference to the vapors entering the quiet or central unocciuiied space, has retorence to a condition wherein the vapors lreely and rapidly escape trom, the central Zone bordered by the moving layer oilE material through a relatively large or copious outlet, and .vherein evaporation may be readily and quickly effected and it is intended to distinguish the invention trom such suggestions as are found in pasteurizers or apparatus for analogous purposes` such as shown in the patent to Darius 1V. Payne No. 878997, and the Danish patents to Zeuthen and Larsen, Nos. 13,553, ol' August 2Q. 1919, 14202, oit February G, 1911, and 111,889, ot July 31, 1911, respectively.

1n the substance to be treated there will be naturally a certain amount oi material which is not evaporable under the treatment or constituents which are not so readily evaporable as others. Therefore when, the terms equa l, uniform or si'ibstantially equal and uniform distribution" are employed in this specification. they have re'lerence to such non-evaporable or less readily evaporable constituent part oit' the material. lt has been ascertained that to produce a uniform product this equal, substantially equal or unii'orm distribution oi said substance is desirable.

The apparatus herein described is claimed in my copending application No. 77996 tiled ljebruaryY 19a 1916. This application in so Ytar as the subjects matter are ,in common a continuation ot my copending applications Serial No. 738173v filed December 23, '1912 and Serial No, 718114, tiled August 31, 1912.

ln my other applications. Serial Number 718.1141-, tiled August 31, 1912 and Serial Number 788,178, tiled December 2S. 1912. l have shovvn hovv vacuum or suction ducts and mechanisms ott moditied 'forms 'for loweringthe pressure in and exhaustingvapors and gases trom the container can be applied. Tn treating some materials only partial vacuiun is required for slight lowering ot the internal pressure belovv that ot the atmosphere. this being however a matter of judgment and option as to how tar the exhausting and vacuum shall be carried. The fan at Q0 typities any suitable apparatus ot this sort.

1n some ot my mechanisms I depend upon the heated vapors escaping from the interior through the end or ends o1 the container without exerting suction or similar' torce thereon trom the outside, in such case merely permitting them to normally escape, as provided in my application Ser. No. 108,956, tiled October 24, 19155; but under many circumstances it is better to positively Withdraw the vapors or remove them by means ot agencies typified by those illustrated and described.

When the container is arranged as herein shown. that is. positioned with its axis horizontal, the material o'l' the lilln travels horizontally, the vapor tending to move radially into the central open Zone. As soon as it leaves the heated sur'tace it begins to condense and the formation o'l globules ot' Water commences. These can be lifted vertically, but when large volumes ot' vapor are rapidly produced such condensed globules can, bel'ore theyv become heavy by condensation, be more readily carried outward horizontally, or on lines at angles to the vertical, from the collecting zone, and thus be prevented from dropping` again toward the heated surface to cause a waste oil heat units in their revaporizing.

ln addition to the copending applications above re terred to, cross-reference is made to the 'following copending applications illustrating and describing modified forms of evaporating and condensing apparatus or methods ot procedure in the evaporation or cimdensing ol materials, and I reserve the right to claim in the said copending applications the novel snbiects-matter therein disclosed and not herein claimed :-No. 277,904 (a division o'l No. 718,114), tiled February 1S, 1919; No. 903,598. tiled December 9, 1913; No. 2311,11? (taigiually No. 896,899), tiled December i i, 1912-1: No. :158.41333 (originally No. 806,883). tiled December 1T. 1913: and blo 366,962 (originally No. 806,889), liled December 1:3. 1913.

Vl laving thus described the invention, what is claimed is:

1. The art ot' treating substance containing an evaporable constituent consisting in spreading the substance on the inner sur- Atace ol a container rapidly moving the substance circularly over the inner surface of the container and causing the same to progress irom the point oi introduction to a remote point ot discharge, heating the inner Wall of the container causing the vapors to more in ardly lrom the layer toward the center ot' the container and te escape there- 'trom and regulating the thickness of the layer deposited on the heated Wall of the container.

2. The method ot treating substance containing` liquid to change its consistency which comprises the introduction of the substance into a heated container of circular cross section imparting to the substance so introduced the form of a concave layer, causing the layer to rapidly circulate over the heated surface of the container, maintaining the layer formation of the substance during treatment, simultaneously positively maintaining the treating surface free from adhering accumulations and permitting the generated vapors to escape from the substance during treatment and finally from the container.

3. The method of treating substance containing liquid to change its consistency which comprises the introduction of the substance into a heated container of circular cross-section, imparting to the substance so introduced the form of a concaved layer of substantial uniformity, causing a rapid relative circulating movement between the layer and heated surface, permitting' the vapors to freely escape from the substance toward the center and from the container, and maintaining the heated surface free from accumulations during the treatment.

e, rthe method. of treating suostance containing liquid to change its consistency which comprises introducing' it into a hori- Zontally disposed cylindrical container, im parting to the substance so introduced the form of a concave cylindrical sheet concentric with the container, maintaining said form of said sheet throughout the operation, simultaneously wiping the inner surface of the container, imparting to the falls o t the container a temperature different from that of the substance permitting` the free escape of vapor' from the material being treated and from the container.

The art of evaporation which consists in applying a layer of material under rentrifugal force to the surface of a heated cylindrical container, subject-ine` said layer to continuous movement over said surtace and independently of the material mechanically removing adhering material from said surface during' said i'uovement and maintaining Within the center of the layer an open space into and from which vapor may escape.

6. The art of treating liquid. which consists in forming` and maintaining` a body of the liquid in layer 'formation While in contact with the inner surface ofa heated tubular container, subjectingY said layer to continuous rotary movement under pressure relative to said surface, and independently of the material mechanically and yieldingly preventingl the adherence of particles to the. surface Without interrupting the rotatable movement of the layer bodyV over said surface and maintaining- Within the layer an open space into and from which vapors mav escape.

7. The art of treating a fluid substance to ing the continur thereof clea i' suril'ace of the container to nia same in polished condition.

8. '.lhe art of treating.;A a sulisguu containing liquid for c`liaiir'ingv itsy consistency consisting; in introducing a volun'ic ol thc substance tangcntlally into a treating container of circular cross-scction, causing the material to assume the form o t a thin layer on the treating surface, maintaining; the lay r formation througlmut treatment, rapidly moving the layer over thc treated surH face, heating vthe treating surface, permitting the gases and vaporsI to escapo inwardly from 'the layer and to freely escape from the container, and permitting' the treated substance to escape tangenlially.

rlhe art of treating a substance containing liquid for changing' its consistency consisting; in introducing a volume of the substance into a treatingl container ol' circu lar cross-section, positively causingY the material to assume Ythe form of a thin layer throughout the treating' surface, maintaining the layer formation throughout tre-atn'ient, ra 'dly moving' the layer over the treated surface, heating the treating surface to a temperature above 2l@ li., permitting,l the and vapors to escape inwardly from the layer and to freely escape from the container.

it). The art of treating` a substance containing' liquid to change its consistency consisting' in introducing the substance into e. heated container of circular cross section positively moving the substance circularly over the surface of the contains permitting an amount of substance to enter the container suliicient only to form a spreadingon the heated Wall of the container, causing' the substance to more rapidly over the heated nail and to escapo, permitlflnnv the vapors to pass from lthe substance inwardly and causinn the vapors to cscu from the container under accelerated movement.

ll. The method of producing' a condensed milk product consisting;` in introducinev the millr into a container of circular cross section, heating' the milk in said crmtainer to a temperature to which mill; cannot be sulr jected even for relatively brief periods of time Without material injury to the constituents to vaporize a portion of the liquid thereoi'f. shaping the mill; in the form of a layer upon the surface et the container,

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rapidly moving the layer eireularly over the surface and simultaneously causing the entire body ort milk to more from the point ot iinroduction toward the opposite end elE the container, and permitting the vapor to cape inwardly troni the layer and 'freely from the container', the time et treatment being less than the brief period which would serveto injure the milk it exposed and held in contact with the treating surlace in the presence et a high degree ot heat.

l2. The art et treating a substance conining liquid to change its consistency consisting in subjecting the material or substance to a centrifugal action projecting it laterally and longitudinally and subjectingr the substance to a temperature sulliciently high as lo injuriously atleet the constituents thereoill when allowed to remain under the influence ot the temj erature 'for a short period ot' time causing the material to depart 'trom the heat and permitting the generated rapors to escape during the progress of the treatment.

The art ot treating a substance containing liquid to change its consistency, consistingl in sulgijecting the material or substance to the 'action ell centrifugal 'force and to a. temperature sutliciently high as to injuriously atleet the constituents ot the material it the saine be allowed to remain under the influence ol the tenngerature without moring tor a short period ol time, causing the material to more rapidly while under the inl'luence ot' the said high ten'iperature and to depart from the influence ot' the temperature betere the material is injuriously ait- ;llected thereby.

lil. The art ol treating milk to reduce its liquidity consisting in subjecting a layer ol the milk to a temperature at or above 212C if. by bringing the saine centritligally into contact with a heated surface causing the mill: to more rapidly over the surt'ace and to est .j e trom the surface be't'ore the high heat lo which it has been subjected hasl injurionsly al'lected the milk constituents.

lo, The. method ol'` treating a substance containing liquid to change its consistency by eraporating liquid therefrom consisting in spreading a laji'er ot the substance on the heated Wall ot the container haring a circular cross section, rapidly and positively circulating the substance as it enters the containeix orer the surface and erosswise thereci permitting the vapors and gases lo escape inifardly 'from the layer and lreely trom the container and regulating the thickness ot thc layer by varying` the amount of the substance entering the container.

16. The process et concentrating a substance containing liquid consisting in introducing the substance into a container of substantially circular cross Section heated to a temperature sutlieient to yaporize liquid con-y stituents of the sub tance at substantially atmospheric pressure, shaping the substance `in a layer upon the interior vsurlace ot the container', rapidly nioring the layer circularly over the surl'ace and simultaneously causing the entire body ol' substance lo more lfroin the point ol introduction toward the opposite end of the container, permitting the substance to escape a'liter treatment, permitting the vapor to escape inwardly 1from the layer and vfreely trom the containerT and simultaneously wiping he inner surface ol the container.

t7. The process ol concentrating a substance containing liquid consisting in introduciugl the substance into a container ol substantially circular cross section heated to a temperature sullicient to vapori/,e liquid constituents olt the substancel at substantially atmospheric pressure, shaping the. substance in a unitary layer ol continuous exterior conilormation and with an interior substantially unobstructed r: por zone, rapidly moving the layer circularljr over the surface and xsimultaneously causing the entire body ot' substance to more vlrom the point olE introduction toward the opposite end o'l the container, permitling the substance to escape atter treatment, permitting the vapor to escape inwardly trom the layer and freely trom the container, and wiping the surtace ot the container'.

1S. The process ot concentrating a substance containing liquid consisting in introducing` the substance into a container of substantially circular cross section heated to a temperature sullicient to raporine liquid constituents olI the substance at substantially atmospheric pressure, shaping the substance in a unitary layer o1" continuous exterior conformation and with an interior substantiallyY unobstructed vapor zone. rapidly moying athe layer circularly over the surtace` simultaneously causing the entire body oil3 substance to more l'roni the point ot' introduction toward the opposite end olE the container. permitting the substance to escape a t'ter treatment, permitting the vapor to escape iuwadly Alirorn the layer and 'freely `lii'oin the container. and mechanically removing the adhering; particles trom the surlace ot the container Without interrupting the morement o'l the body ot liquid.

if). The process ot concentrating a substance containing liquid consisting in introdueinn' the substance into a container o'li substantially circular Cross section heated to a temperature sutlicient to yaporize liquid constituents ol the substance at substantiallyv atmospheric pressure, shaping the substance in a unitary layer et continuous exterior conformation and with an interior substantially unobstructed vapor zone. rapidly movin;` the layer circularly over the surface. simultaneously causing the entire body of sists in uniformly heatingr a tubular containc-r, supplying' adjacent one end ol the container and causini the substance as supplied to form a thin lcylindrical layer upon the interior `tace ot said container while maintaining` the particles so coinixiosing said substance in substantially the saine order el" tlow. maintaining' said layer under the pressurc olf tontacting cou\.cvor;-;7 maintaining a quiet vapor receiving space tln'ouchout the length oi' the substance-lined heated container and permittinlc` the escape ot' vapor therei'ronn mai ining a pressure less than atmosliiheric within the container. and withdrawingl the evaporated substance Vfrom the opposite end oi the container.

The art oi evaporation, which consists in subjecting a relatively shallow body et material while under continuous motion in a circular` path to the action ot' centrifugal force, while in Contact with a relatively iinmovable heated surface ol a cylindrical container, causing the entire body olif the inaterial to simultaneously move in the Same direction lengthwise towards the discharge end oi the container, and at the same time retaining` within the center of the shallow cylindrical body oi moving material a Ytree space into which the vapors or gases are allowed to escape` and withdrawing the separated vapors in a direction at substantially right angles to the force of gravity.

29. The art ot evaporation which consists in applying to the inner sur't'ace of an externally heated cylindrical container, an cndless layer ot' substance, and subjecting' the same while in uniform layer formation to acontinuous rapid circular movement over the surface while maintaining the same in Contact with said surface under pressurer simultaneously causing the entire body ot substance to move continuously towards the outlet end ol the container`r maintaininga central quiet zone within the layer` and removing the separated vapors trom the zone.

30. The process of concentratinga substance containing` liquid consisting in introducing the substance into one end ol' a container ot substantiallyy circular cross section heated to a temperature sutiicient to vaporize liquid constituents of the substance at a pressure less than atmospheric, shapingY the substance in a unitary layer ol continuous exterior conformation and with an interior substantially unobstructed vapor zone` rapidly moving the layer circuiarly over the surlace and simultaneously causing the entire body ot substance to continuously move in the same direction trom the point of introduction toward the opposite end of the container, permitting the substance to escape after treatment.y and permitting the vapor to escape inwardly from the layer and freely from the container.

31. The process of concentrating a substance containing` liquid consisting in introducing the substance into a container of substantially circular cross section heated to a temperature suliicient to vaporize liquid constituents of the substance at than atniospheric pressure. shaping` the substance in a unitary layer ol continuous exterior con- Vtoi-mation and with an interior substan` lialiy unobstructed vapor zone, rapidly nieving` the layer circularly over the surface and simultaneously causing the entire body of substance to move from the point ol introduction toward the opposite end ol' the contain f=r` permittii'ig the substance to escape alltel' treatmentv` and permitting the vapor to cscajc inwardly -lrom the layer and t'reely Yl'roni the container.

32, rl`hc method ot evaporating' liquiricontaining` substances such as milk, which consists in continuously introducing the substance within a highly heated tubular containcr, impartingactive centrifugal force and rapid rotary motion to the substance in cylindrical layer 'l'orma tion. maintaining the heated wall ot the container free ilrom the adhesion o'l particles ol' the substance allowing the substance to absorb heat, allowing the rases and vapors thereby created to pass through the layer ot' the substance into the Zone surrounded by the layer ol. substance, permitting the treated substance to continuously escape, and permitting the vapors and `gases to rapidly escape trom said zone independently ot the treated substance through a large escape opening.

3?. The method ot evaporating liquidcontaining substances such as milk. which consists in continuously supplying the substance adjacent one end ot a tubular container having` a concave treating' surfacey subjecting' said surface to high heat` imparting" to the substance as introduced active cenlril'ugal Yl`orce and rotary motion to form the same into a c vliiulrical layei; causing said layer to move over and against the concave surface ot the container and move lengthwise thereol. allowing' the sulistance to absorb heat. allowing the gas or vapor thereby created to pass through and from the substance into a cylindrical zone bounded by the layer ol substance, allowing' the generated gases or vapors to escape without impedancc lrom said zone. maintaining' the concave surface oi the container tree `from adhesions and in a highly polished condition, and allowing th(` substance to continuously escapo trom the container` as treated.

M. The method ot treating liquid-containingr substances, whereby to condense the saine. which consists in continuously introdncing the substance into one end oi a cylindrical Containern applying centrifugal force and rapid rotary motion to the substance introduced to spread it in a uniform layer over the concave surface of the container and to continuously move it cireuniferentially and lengthwise in layer formation over and against said concave surface, subjecting` the treating surface to high heat, alloy-fing the substance to absorb heat from said treating surface, maintaining the treating surface free from adhesions of the substance and in a polished condition, allowing accumulated gases as they 'form in the substance to pass through and from the saine to a central zone bordered by said moving layer of substance,

allowing the gases to freely and continuously escape 'lfroni the container, and allowing the residue o'lVI the substance to continuously escape :from the container.

In testimony whereof l hereunto ailix niy signature in the presence oi two witnesses.

CHAR WQ R. MARIEE.

JAJA) TWitnesses C. A. KREY, (l1-Luanne Tiiouiis. 

